Matuškovič Ján
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia
Abstract
We solve a problem of obtaining of Punica granatum L. mutants from 1991. Used chemical
mutagen in experiment was NaN3 (sodium azidimide) in 0,3; 0,5 and 0,7 mM concentrations.
Control variant was without use of mutagen. Seeds were macerated in solution of sodium
azidimide, rinsed, dried, sowed and plants were cultivated four years in greenhouse.
Qualitative traits – height, thickness of trunks and others were evaluated. We evaluate
suitability and intensity of vegetative propagation from mutants as mother plants. Cultivated
mother plants were hardened from spring to autumn in 1998 out of greenhouse and
transplanted in repository between greenhouses. Adaptability of plants was good – without
loss of plants. Formation of new shoots and in 2001 formation of generative buds and flowers
in 2001 confirms of plants vitality.
Keywords
pomegranate, Punica granatum, mutations, sodium azidimide
The culture of the decorative sorts in residential spaces belongs to the important part of the
ecology aesthetics. In this area a very large space and possibilities have been being created for
miniatures and later bonsai shapes. The interest in these ones has increased very much in our
country. ŠTOLC, 1990 and ŘIHA, 1991, meanwhile there are not enough plants of this type
available and the prices are high.
However, there are possibilities how to get over the period of the deficiency of suitable
material PFISTERER, 1991 and MATUŠKOVIČ, BRINDZA, 1994, for the flat miniaturesbonsai.
In general, however, the two problems have been being persisted, namely, the system
of reproduction and the new decorative types creation. The second problem can be solved
more over with the help of cultivation, in which the mutation phenomenon has been
successfully exploited MATUŠKOVIČ, BRINDZA, 1992, 1997 and 1999. The mentioned
question has been being attended by us since 1991.
We have chose the gender Punica, as a model plant, which is the only gender in the family of
Puniciacae, and has only two species. The first is Punica granatum L., so called ”granate
punic” and Punica protopnica Balf., so called ”granate sokotra, that is the endemic of the
island Sokotra POSPÍŠIL, HRACHOVÁ, 1989.
Historically, the granate represents the early cultural wood which had been grown by old
Egyptians long ago, the Greek used it as a symbol of fortility. The Roman imported the fruits
from Punicia – North Africa from here was the name Punica. The most characteristic is like
the thorny shrub with shiny subsidable counter standing foliage, brichred flowers and
bloodred apples RYŠAN, 1991.
The time and concentrate of chemical mutagenes application, which is our case, is wideranging
and in general depends on the evolutionary state of organism, its biological
peculiarities and chemical quality of mutagen. The works with the inducing of mutation by
various mutagenes are based in most cases with the aim of obtaining new signs at plant
organisms.
In practical cultivation it is possible rather wide exploitation of the experimental mutagen,
which is based on the knowledge, that mutagen is effective in increasing of diverseness of
starting material for selection, the genetic variability of biological material signs is getting
wider. For this activity various organ are used, or parts of the plants – seeds, pollen, buds,
trimmings and others. In the forms of amount various varieties of granates punic, taken by
chemical or physical mutagenes attending, according to MAMEDOVA, 1984, the function of
chromosome abnormalities was higher than with non-controlled attending.
The mutagenesis and concretely radiation with subtropical plants, among which also granates,
studied AKHUNDZADZE, 1981. It was about the influence of gamma-ray on the trimmings,
seeds and pollen. Alltogether there were recorded 12 types of mutate changes and the most
frequent change was stuntedity and with irradiate of trimmings the acceleration of fertility
was recorded. The mutantes of all examined models were used on with hybridization.
Also Kergadze, 1987 studied the radiation mutagenesis with the help of gamma-ray on the
granates. With the help of this method he cultivated new variety of granate punic mutant ”
KARABAKH ” .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We obtained the seeds of the granate punic from the fruits carried from Jalta in 1991.
Chosen chemo-mutagen NaN3 – sodium azidimide
It belongs to the group folded of very miscellaneous chemical compounds. It is one of the
most effective mutagens of cultural plants, which is exploited for cultivate aims. From the
chemical point of view NaN3 is white, very well water – soluble crystalline substance. It is
prepared by the reaction of molten sodium amide with nitrooxygen. It can be melted without
decomposition but following heating causes outbreak.
NaNH2 + N2O –––> NaN3+H2O
Chosen variations:
I. Check – without sodium azidimide
II. Concentration 0.3 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
III. Concentration 0.5 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
IV. Concentration 0.7 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
• Seeds were divided into 4 groups by 100 pieces
• For 20 hours they were mazering in chosen concentrations
• Twice washed in destil water each time during 1 hour
• We dried them on the filter paper
• Planting of seeds 16.4.1991
Signs rated:
• the high of plants
• number of branching
• thickness of stems
• increases of summer growth
• increase of one-year-old wood
In winter 1992 we tried concentriations NaN3 0.1, 0.9 and 1.1 mM on the very small pattern
of seeds carried from Libya ( 50 pieces ).
In the next years we decided to verify suitability and intensity of vegetative multiplied
biological material from the maternal plants of already mentioned varieties.
• take of biological material was done from 3 groups of applicated NaN3, concentrations
0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mM in summer and autumn period • trimming used – top
- middle
• number of varieties – 6
• repetitions 4
• number of trimmings – 10 pieces in each repetition
• alltogether was tested – 240 trimming pieces
• without growth stimulators
Watching and checked factors:
• ability to create callose and roots
• regenerative ability – top and middle trimmings
• the most suitable concentration NaN3 for taking roots trimming
• determination of basic factors for securing intensive growth of multiplied plants
• to make an attempt to specify the factors, conditioning dwarf forms of growth
• results rating – Chi – quadrate by test
- with signification to 0.01 highty proved
to 0.05 proved
and over 0.05 not proved
In 1999, 28 th May we planted maternal plants into repositorium which was organised
between two greenhouses.
From schoolyears 2000 to 2001 there was invited tenders on a doctorand work under the title
”Study of mutants of granate punic (Punica granatum L.)” which is still going on.
RESULTS ACHIEVED
I have been fumbling with the idea of creating and forming some species of decorative plants
for possible culture in the form of miniature-bonsai since 1980.
But later, in 1990, together with Mr.lecturer Brindza, we started to experiment the possibility
of verifying the influence of chemo-mutagen NaN3 – sodium azidimide on the seeds of Punica
granatum L. with the aim of obtaining mutate changes in the habit of plants and in other signs,
especially of decorative character.
In 1991, when the seeds of chosen varieties were sown, we got at control 15 plants with
concentration 0.3 mM – 19 plants, 0.5 mM – 49 plants and 0.7 mM – 21 plants. We recorded
the loss at 0.5 mM – 5 plants and at 0.7 mM – 1 plant.
In the next year 1992, I did the selection from each variety that was examined by phenological
watching and measuring.
At measuring of the plant height we found out quicker increase at control and varieties with
lower concentration NaN3.
The creation of branching number does not have positively linear character, although, we
found out rather big differences between the applications NaN3. Higher concentrations
limitated number of growing branches expressively.
The thickness of stems is developing almost straight-linear with seoson period while higher
concentration suppresses thickness expressively in comparison with control.
At measuring of increases of summer-growths we can positively prove inhibitive influence
of NaN3 in comparison with control.
A very interesting knowledge was acheived while rating the growth of length in one-year-old
wood. Although this sign is of little influence in the range of time period, higher
concentrations were more successful against control. Beside phenological watching and measuring, we have found out following visual changes on
the set of model plants:
• at the control variety the plants distinguish natral, quicker increase of biomass. The wood
colour is ashen – pale, the leaves have normal size without amy change.
• at varieties with the application of NaN3, the slower increase of biomass is found out. It is
evident at thinner stems, smaller leaves – which turn only little, they are fatter and their
colour and wood colour is darker.
The induction of mutants Punica granatum L. – granate punic is, according the effect of
chosen concentrations NaN3, successful by vegetative reproduction.
At rating results we started from individual varieties, their best and less successful ability to
take roots, presented in pieces, per centages and mathematic-statistic method Chi – quadrate
by test.
We have come to the following conclusion:
• Callose creation
From the terms of taking trimming the most successful was the seemd ( autumn) period with
the effect of callose creation 36.2 per cent against the first ( summer ) with the effect only
15.4 per cent.
From the exploited biological material of mutant the callose was best made with the top
trimming, from 32.5 per cent to 57.5 per cent. The middle trimmings were lower successful,
from 22.5 per cest to 40.0 per cent.
The sequence of influence of concentration NaN3 on the creation of callose is following:
- variety 0.7 next 0.3 and 0.5 mM concentration
• The roots creation
From the terms of taking the trimmings more successful was the first ( summer ) period with
the effect of creation roots of 35.0 per cent against the second ( autumn ) with the effect of
only 27.5 per cent.
From the exploited biological material of mutants the best roots were created from the middle
trimmings (middle) from 85.0 per cent to 60.0 per cent. At the top trimmings the effect was
substendially lower, from 20.0 per cent to 7.5 per cent.
The sequence of concentration influence of NaN3 on the creation of roots is following:
- variety 0.7 next 0.5 and 0.3 mM of concentration.
• The trimmings loss ( died away)
From the terms of taking trimmings there was the second ( autumn ) period more successful
with the loss of 36.2 per cent against the first term ( summer ), when the loss was 49.6 per
cent of trimmings.
From the exploited biological mutant material the least loss was from the middle trimmings
from 12.1 per cent to 6.7 per cent. From the top trimmings died away more, from 37.5 per
cent to 29.6 per cent.
The sequence of concentration influence of NaN3 on the loss of trimmings is following:
- variety 0.3 nex 0.5 and 0.7 mM of concentration
• At rating of regenerative ability of the top and middle trimmings from the mutants Punica
granatum L. by the method chi – quadrate by test, was proved the economic
effectiveness of obtaining regenerats of these mutants by middle trimmings in both
periods of harvest.
After two years of plants hardiness ( spring – autumn ) out of greenhouse, we finally planted
these maternal plants into the prepared reprositorium. It is the space between two
greenhouses.There were planted 33 eight – year – old maternal plants. According to varieties we have
chosen individually following numbers:
• control ( checked ) variety 6 plants
• mutants 0.1 mM 6 plants
• mutants 0.3 mM 5 plants
• mutants 0.5 mM 8 plants
• mutants 0.7 mM 8 plants
ABSTRACT
We started to work with the possibility of obtaining mutants Punica granatum L. in 1991.
We use NaN3 as the chemo-mutagen – sodium azidimide in 0.3 – 0.5 and 0.7 mM
concentration and the control variety without NaN3. With chemomutagen NaN3 we mazered
the seed material, that was, after the procedure of dripping, washing and drying obtained
mutants, planted aned later cultivated till the fourth year of life. At the same time we rated the
qualitative signs ( height of plants, thickness of stems and others ). Next we verified
suitability and intensity of vegetative reproduction from already maternal plants of mutants.
The cultivated maternal plants of mutants we planted in 1999 only in conditions of
greenhouse, after the hardiness out of greenhouse in the previous year ( spring-autumn), into
the repositorium between the two greenhouses. Their adaptability to outside is going on
excellently without loss. On the contrary, their increases in wood, this year 2001 also the
amount of developed flower buds and flowers prove their vitality.
References:
AKUZNDZADZE, J.M.: Radiačná mutagenéza subtropických plodín. 1.Vses.konf.po
prikl.radiobiol. Teor. Prikl. Aspekty radiats. Biol. technol., 10-12 no, 1981. Tez.
Dokl.1981, 50-51.Kischonev, Moldavian.
KERKADZE, J.G.: Radiačná mutagenéza pri subtropických ovocných drevinách. Radiat
sionnyi mutagenez i ego rol v evoluyutsii i selektissii, 1987, s.231-354, Moscow,
USSR.
MAMEDOV, G.M.: Meotické abnormality v indukovaných formách granátovníka púnskeho
v dôsledku ošetrenia semien rôznymi dávkami chemických a fyzikálnych
mutagenov.2.Vses.konf.po s. – kh.radiol., Tez. Doz. T.2 1984, s.63-64, Obninsk,
USSR.
MATUŠKOVIČ, J., BRINDZA, J.: Vplyv azidu sodného na formovanie habitusu rastlín pri
granátovom jablku ( Punica granatum L.). Zborník AF, VŠP Nitra, 1992, s.51-57.
MATUŠKOVIČ, J., BRINDZA, J.: Tvorba a formovanie vybraných druhov rastlín pre
kultiváciu v tvare bonsaj. Záverečná správa, marec 1994, 18s.
MATUŠKOVIČ,J., BRINDZA,J.: Indukcia mutácií ovocného klonu granátovníka púnskeho.
Záverečná správa, december 1999, 31 s.
PFISTERER,J.: Zimmer bonsai, Gu-Pflanzen, Ratgeber, München 1991.
POSPÍŠIL, F., HRACHOVÁ, B.: Úžitkové rostliny jižních zemí. ČSAV,Praha 1989.
RYŠAN, M.: Bonsaj, SZZ, Bratislava 1991, 176 s.
ŘÍHA, P.: Rok s bonsají, Prospektrum-Praha 1991.
ŠTOLC, K.J.: Bonsaj, Bonsaj klub Bratislava 1990 Danubiaprint.
Author's contact:
Doc. Ing. Ján Matuškovič, PhD.
Katedra ovocinárstva, vinohradníctva a vinárstvaTr.A.Hlinku 2
SPU 949 76 Nitra
e-mail: Jan.matuskovic@-uniag.sk.
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia
Abstract
We solve a problem of obtaining of Punica granatum L. mutants from 1991. Used chemical
mutagen in experiment was NaN3 (sodium azidimide) in 0,3; 0,5 and 0,7 mM concentrations.
Control variant was without use of mutagen. Seeds were macerated in solution of sodium
azidimide, rinsed, dried, sowed and plants were cultivated four years in greenhouse.
Qualitative traits – height, thickness of trunks and others were evaluated. We evaluate
suitability and intensity of vegetative propagation from mutants as mother plants. Cultivated
mother plants were hardened from spring to autumn in 1998 out of greenhouse and
transplanted in repository between greenhouses. Adaptability of plants was good – without
loss of plants. Formation of new shoots and in 2001 formation of generative buds and flowers
in 2001 confirms of plants vitality.
Keywords
pomegranate, Punica granatum, mutations, sodium azidimide
The culture of the decorative sorts in residential spaces belongs to the important part of the
ecology aesthetics. In this area a very large space and possibilities have been being created for
miniatures and later bonsai shapes. The interest in these ones has increased very much in our
country. ŠTOLC, 1990 and ŘIHA, 1991, meanwhile there are not enough plants of this type
available and the prices are high.
However, there are possibilities how to get over the period of the deficiency of suitable
material PFISTERER, 1991 and MATUŠKOVIČ, BRINDZA, 1994, for the flat miniaturesbonsai.
In general, however, the two problems have been being persisted, namely, the system
of reproduction and the new decorative types creation. The second problem can be solved
more over with the help of cultivation, in which the mutation phenomenon has been
successfully exploited MATUŠKOVIČ, BRINDZA, 1992, 1997 and 1999. The mentioned
question has been being attended by us since 1991.
We have chose the gender Punica, as a model plant, which is the only gender in the family of
Puniciacae, and has only two species. The first is Punica granatum L., so called ”granate
punic” and Punica protopnica Balf., so called ”granate sokotra, that is the endemic of the
island Sokotra POSPÍŠIL, HRACHOVÁ, 1989.
Historically, the granate represents the early cultural wood which had been grown by old
Egyptians long ago, the Greek used it as a symbol of fortility. The Roman imported the fruits
from Punicia – North Africa from here was the name Punica. The most characteristic is like
the thorny shrub with shiny subsidable counter standing foliage, brichred flowers and
bloodred apples RYŠAN, 1991.
The time and concentrate of chemical mutagenes application, which is our case, is wideranging
and in general depends on the evolutionary state of organism, its biological
peculiarities and chemical quality of mutagen. The works with the inducing of mutation by
various mutagenes are based in most cases with the aim of obtaining new signs at plant
organisms.
In practical cultivation it is possible rather wide exploitation of the experimental mutagen,
which is based on the knowledge, that mutagen is effective in increasing of diverseness of
starting material for selection, the genetic variability of biological material signs is getting
wider. For this activity various organ are used, or parts of the plants – seeds, pollen, buds,
trimmings and others. In the forms of amount various varieties of granates punic, taken by
chemical or physical mutagenes attending, according to MAMEDOVA, 1984, the function of
chromosome abnormalities was higher than with non-controlled attending.
The mutagenesis and concretely radiation with subtropical plants, among which also granates,
studied AKHUNDZADZE, 1981. It was about the influence of gamma-ray on the trimmings,
seeds and pollen. Alltogether there were recorded 12 types of mutate changes and the most
frequent change was stuntedity and with irradiate of trimmings the acceleration of fertility
was recorded. The mutantes of all examined models were used on with hybridization.
Also Kergadze, 1987 studied the radiation mutagenesis with the help of gamma-ray on the
granates. With the help of this method he cultivated new variety of granate punic mutant ”
KARABAKH ” .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We obtained the seeds of the granate punic from the fruits carried from Jalta in 1991.
Chosen chemo-mutagen NaN3 – sodium azidimide
It belongs to the group folded of very miscellaneous chemical compounds. It is one of the
most effective mutagens of cultural plants, which is exploited for cultivate aims. From the
chemical point of view NaN3 is white, very well water – soluble crystalline substance. It is
prepared by the reaction of molten sodium amide with nitrooxygen. It can be melted without
decomposition but following heating causes outbreak.
NaNH2 + N2O –––> NaN3+H2O
Chosen variations:
I. Check – without sodium azidimide
II. Concentration 0.3 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
III. Concentration 0.5 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
IV. Concentration 0.7 mM of solution of sodium azidimide
• Seeds were divided into 4 groups by 100 pieces
• For 20 hours they were mazering in chosen concentrations
• Twice washed in destil water each time during 1 hour
• We dried them on the filter paper
• Planting of seeds 16.4.1991
Signs rated:
• the high of plants
• number of branching
• thickness of stems
• increases of summer growth
• increase of one-year-old wood
In winter 1992 we tried concentriations NaN3 0.1, 0.9 and 1.1 mM on the very small pattern
of seeds carried from Libya ( 50 pieces ).
In the next years we decided to verify suitability and intensity of vegetative multiplied
biological material from the maternal plants of already mentioned varieties.
• take of biological material was done from 3 groups of applicated NaN3, concentrations
0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mM in summer and autumn period • trimming used – top
- middle
• number of varieties – 6
• repetitions 4
• number of trimmings – 10 pieces in each repetition
• alltogether was tested – 240 trimming pieces
• without growth stimulators
Watching and checked factors:
• ability to create callose and roots
• regenerative ability – top and middle trimmings
• the most suitable concentration NaN3 for taking roots trimming
• determination of basic factors for securing intensive growth of multiplied plants
• to make an attempt to specify the factors, conditioning dwarf forms of growth
• results rating – Chi – quadrate by test
- with signification to 0.01 highty proved
to 0.05 proved
and over 0.05 not proved
In 1999, 28 th May we planted maternal plants into repositorium which was organised
between two greenhouses.
From schoolyears 2000 to 2001 there was invited tenders on a doctorand work under the title
”Study of mutants of granate punic (Punica granatum L.)” which is still going on.
RESULTS ACHIEVED
I have been fumbling with the idea of creating and forming some species of decorative plants
for possible culture in the form of miniature-bonsai since 1980.
But later, in 1990, together with Mr.lecturer Brindza, we started to experiment the possibility
of verifying the influence of chemo-mutagen NaN3 – sodium azidimide on the seeds of Punica
granatum L. with the aim of obtaining mutate changes in the habit of plants and in other signs,
especially of decorative character.
In 1991, when the seeds of chosen varieties were sown, we got at control 15 plants with
concentration 0.3 mM – 19 plants, 0.5 mM – 49 plants and 0.7 mM – 21 plants. We recorded
the loss at 0.5 mM – 5 plants and at 0.7 mM – 1 plant.
In the next year 1992, I did the selection from each variety that was examined by phenological
watching and measuring.
At measuring of the plant height we found out quicker increase at control and varieties with
lower concentration NaN3.
The creation of branching number does not have positively linear character, although, we
found out rather big differences between the applications NaN3. Higher concentrations
limitated number of growing branches expressively.
The thickness of stems is developing almost straight-linear with seoson period while higher
concentration suppresses thickness expressively in comparison with control.
At measuring of increases of summer-growths we can positively prove inhibitive influence
of NaN3 in comparison with control.
A very interesting knowledge was acheived while rating the growth of length in one-year-old
wood. Although this sign is of little influence in the range of time period, higher
concentrations were more successful against control. Beside phenological watching and measuring, we have found out following visual changes on
the set of model plants:
• at the control variety the plants distinguish natral, quicker increase of biomass. The wood
colour is ashen – pale, the leaves have normal size without amy change.
• at varieties with the application of NaN3, the slower increase of biomass is found out. It is
evident at thinner stems, smaller leaves – which turn only little, they are fatter and their
colour and wood colour is darker.
The induction of mutants Punica granatum L. – granate punic is, according the effect of
chosen concentrations NaN3, successful by vegetative reproduction.
At rating results we started from individual varieties, their best and less successful ability to
take roots, presented in pieces, per centages and mathematic-statistic method Chi – quadrate
by test.
We have come to the following conclusion:
• Callose creation
From the terms of taking trimming the most successful was the seemd ( autumn) period with
the effect of callose creation 36.2 per cent against the first ( summer ) with the effect only
15.4 per cent.
From the exploited biological material of mutant the callose was best made with the top
trimming, from 32.5 per cent to 57.5 per cent. The middle trimmings were lower successful,
from 22.5 per cest to 40.0 per cent.
The sequence of influence of concentration NaN3 on the creation of callose is following:
- variety 0.7 next 0.3 and 0.5 mM concentration
• The roots creation
From the terms of taking the trimmings more successful was the first ( summer ) period with
the effect of creation roots of 35.0 per cent against the second ( autumn ) with the effect of
only 27.5 per cent.
From the exploited biological material of mutants the best roots were created from the middle
trimmings (middle) from 85.0 per cent to 60.0 per cent. At the top trimmings the effect was
substendially lower, from 20.0 per cent to 7.5 per cent.
The sequence of concentration influence of NaN3 on the creation of roots is following:
- variety 0.7 next 0.5 and 0.3 mM of concentration.
• The trimmings loss ( died away)
From the terms of taking trimmings there was the second ( autumn ) period more successful
with the loss of 36.2 per cent against the first term ( summer ), when the loss was 49.6 per
cent of trimmings.
From the exploited biological mutant material the least loss was from the middle trimmings
from 12.1 per cent to 6.7 per cent. From the top trimmings died away more, from 37.5 per
cent to 29.6 per cent.
The sequence of concentration influence of NaN3 on the loss of trimmings is following:
- variety 0.3 nex 0.5 and 0.7 mM of concentration
• At rating of regenerative ability of the top and middle trimmings from the mutants Punica
granatum L. by the method chi – quadrate by test, was proved the economic
effectiveness of obtaining regenerats of these mutants by middle trimmings in both
periods of harvest.
After two years of plants hardiness ( spring – autumn ) out of greenhouse, we finally planted
these maternal plants into the prepared reprositorium. It is the space between two
greenhouses.There were planted 33 eight – year – old maternal plants. According to varieties we have
chosen individually following numbers:
• control ( checked ) variety 6 plants
• mutants 0.1 mM 6 plants
• mutants 0.3 mM 5 plants
• mutants 0.5 mM 8 plants
• mutants 0.7 mM 8 plants
ABSTRACT
We started to work with the possibility of obtaining mutants Punica granatum L. in 1991.
We use NaN3 as the chemo-mutagen – sodium azidimide in 0.3 – 0.5 and 0.7 mM
concentration and the control variety without NaN3. With chemomutagen NaN3 we mazered
the seed material, that was, after the procedure of dripping, washing and drying obtained
mutants, planted aned later cultivated till the fourth year of life. At the same time we rated the
qualitative signs ( height of plants, thickness of stems and others ). Next we verified
suitability and intensity of vegetative reproduction from already maternal plants of mutants.
The cultivated maternal plants of mutants we planted in 1999 only in conditions of
greenhouse, after the hardiness out of greenhouse in the previous year ( spring-autumn), into
the repositorium between the two greenhouses. Their adaptability to outside is going on
excellently without loss. On the contrary, their increases in wood, this year 2001 also the
amount of developed flower buds and flowers prove their vitality.
References:
AKUZNDZADZE, J.M.: Radiačná mutagenéza subtropických plodín. 1.Vses.konf.po
prikl.radiobiol. Teor. Prikl. Aspekty radiats. Biol. technol., 10-12 no, 1981. Tez.
Dokl.1981, 50-51.Kischonev, Moldavian.
KERKADZE, J.G.: Radiačná mutagenéza pri subtropických ovocných drevinách. Radiat
sionnyi mutagenez i ego rol v evoluyutsii i selektissii, 1987, s.231-354, Moscow,
USSR.
MAMEDOV, G.M.: Meotické abnormality v indukovaných formách granátovníka púnskeho
v dôsledku ošetrenia semien rôznymi dávkami chemických a fyzikálnych
mutagenov.2.Vses.konf.po s. – kh.radiol., Tez. Doz. T.2 1984, s.63-64, Obninsk,
USSR.
MATUŠKOVIČ, J., BRINDZA, J.: Vplyv azidu sodného na formovanie habitusu rastlín pri
granátovom jablku ( Punica granatum L.). Zborník AF, VŠP Nitra, 1992, s.51-57.
MATUŠKOVIČ, J., BRINDZA, J.: Tvorba a formovanie vybraných druhov rastlín pre
kultiváciu v tvare bonsaj. Záverečná správa, marec 1994, 18s.
MATUŠKOVIČ,J., BRINDZA,J.: Indukcia mutácií ovocného klonu granátovníka púnskeho.
Záverečná správa, december 1999, 31 s.
PFISTERER,J.: Zimmer bonsai, Gu-Pflanzen, Ratgeber, München 1991.
POSPÍŠIL, F., HRACHOVÁ, B.: Úžitkové rostliny jižních zemí. ČSAV,Praha 1989.
RYŠAN, M.: Bonsaj, SZZ, Bratislava 1991, 176 s.
ŘÍHA, P.: Rok s bonsají, Prospektrum-Praha 1991.
ŠTOLC, K.J.: Bonsaj, Bonsaj klub Bratislava 1990 Danubiaprint.
Author's contact:
Doc. Ing. Ján Matuškovič, PhD.
Katedra ovocinárstva, vinohradníctva a vinárstvaTr.A.Hlinku 2
SPU 949 76 Nitra
e-mail: Jan.matuskovic@-uniag.sk.
jagger - am Donnerstag, 10. Juni 2004, 17:21 - Rubrik: Wirksamkeit Granatapfel
